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ChinaThis page lists books about birds and birdwatching in China.The books are listed by publication date with the most recent at the top.
Hong Kong
For bird books that cover just Hong Kong see:
Hong_Kong
Asia
For bird books that cover all of Asia see:
Asia
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Birds of South-East AsiaNorman Arlott
Collins Field Guide
Collins
2017
"This comprehensive new field guide is an excellent addition to the world-renowned series - the ultimate reference book for travelling birdwatchers. Every species of bird you might encounter in the region is featured, apart from non-established introductions. This includes coverage of China (south of the line used to define the Palearctic), Hainan (treated separately from SE China), Taiwan, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore and the Coco Islands. As many of the major subspecies as possible are also included. Beautiful artwork depicts their breeding plumage, and non-breeding plumage when it differs significantly. The accompanying text concentrates on the specific characteristics and appearance of each species that allow identification in the field, including voice and distribution maps.
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Birds of China including Hong KongJohn MacKinnon and Nigel Hicks
Pocket Photo Guide
Bloomsbury Publishing
2016
Originally published in 2010 by New Holland as A Photographic Guide to Birds of China including Hong Kong>
"A compact, easy-to-use bird identification guide for any nature watcher on a visit to China, one of the world's top destinations for watching birds. A total of 252 species is described here in detail, from the magestic Black-crowned Night Heron to the striking Large Niltava. All of these birds are clearly illustrated in a collection of specially commissioned colour photographs. With almost 300 full-colour photographs, easy-to-use thumbnail family silhouettes, a regional distribution map and handy tips on the best birding localities. Illustrated with clear colour photography and brief but authoritative descriptions the Pocket Photo Guides highlight the species of birds and animals from each region that the traveller is most likely to see, as well as those that are genuinely endemic (only to be seen in that country or region) or special rarities."
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A Photographic Guide to the Birds of Japan and North-east AsiaTadao Shimba
Seitai Kagaku Shuppan
2016
Japanese with English bird names.
"Based on Christopher Helm's A Photographic Guide to the Birds of Japan and North-East Asia published in 2007, the second Japanese edition of this field guide shows 673 species of wild birds found in Japan and Northeast Asia. In comparison to the first edition many new photos have been included. 673 species of wild birds, including 60 species that have been newly recorded in Japan. Covers Japan and the Korean Peninsula, Northeastern China, and Far East Russia."
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A Naturalist's Guide to the Birds of China: Southeast China, Including ShanghaiLiu Yang, Yong Ding Li and Yu Yat-tung
John Beaufoy Publishing
2014
"This easy-to-use identification guide to the 280 bird species most commonly seen in Southeast China is perfect for resident and visitor alike. High quality photographs from the region's top nature photographers are accompanied by detailed species descriptions which include nomenclature, size, distribution, habits and habitat. The user-friendly introduction covers geography and climate, vegetation, opportunities for naturalists and the main sites for viewing the listed species. Also included is an all-important checklist of all of the birds of Southeast China encompassing, for each species, its common and scientific name, IUCN status as at 2011."
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A Photographic Guide to the Birds of Southeast Asia: Including the Philippines and BorneoMorten Strange
Periplus Editions
2014
Reprint of 2003 edition
"This guide covers 668 species found in Southeast Asia, including the Philippines and Borneo. Each species is illustrated with a photograph and distribution map, making this a quick-reference guide in a pocketable format."
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A Checklist on the Classification and Distribution of the Birds of ChinaChief editor: Zheng Guangmei
Science Press
2011
A bilingual checklist of birds of China which gives scientific, Chinese and English names plus information on distribution across the Chinese provinces.
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A Photographic Guide to Birds of China including Hong KongJohn MacKinnon and Nigel Hicks
New Holland
3rd edition
2010
"This is a fully updated edition of this compact, easy-to-use bird identification guide for any birdwatcher visiting China and Hong Kong. This area is one of the world's top destinations for birdwatchers. A total of 252 species is described here in detail, from the majestic White-naped Crane to the strikingly colourful Large Niltava. All of these birds are clearly illustrated in a collection of specially commissioned colour photographs. With almost 300 full-colour photographs, easy-to-use thumbnail family silhouettes, a regional distribution map and handy tips on the best birding localities, this guide is an invaluable aid for any birdwatcher visiting the region."
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Directory of Important Bird Areas in China (Mainland)Editors: S Chan, M Crosby, S So, W Dezhi, F Cheung, H Fangyuan
Birdlife International
2009
"The IBA Directory for mainland China is the most comprehensive inventory of key sites for biodiversity in the country. China is one of the most important countries in the World for birds. It is home to over 80 globally threatened bird species and for 40 of these, China is critical for their survival. This publication identifies 512 Important Bird Areas, covering over 1 million square kilometres of Chinese habitats. It demonstrates the enormous richness of China's biodiversity and its international importance. The IBAs are the critical places for the conservation of the birds in China and, with them, a wealth of other biodiversity. IBAs are a crucial subset of key biodiversity areas and can lead the way in helping prioritise conservation planning and financing. This is an inventory of sites that have been clearly identified through a thorough assessment of their biodiversity value. It is therefore a formidable tool to guide decision makers in governments, private sector, investment banks and donor institutions in order to avoid adverse impacts of development projects on priority sites and species, and to direct conservation funding towards clearly defined priorities. In Chinese with an English summary."
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Birds of East Asia: China, Taiwan, Korea, Japan, and RussiaMark Brazil
Princeton University Press
2009
"With 234 superb color plates, and more than 950 color maps, Birds of East Asia makes it easy to identify all of the region's species. The first single-volume field guide for eastern Asia, the book covers major islands including Japan and Taiwan, as well as the Asian continent from Kamchatka to the Korean Peninsula. The region's major bird families are presented and distinct species are noted, from the well-known Steller's Sea Eagle - the world's largest eagle - to those less familiar to Western ornithologists, such as the Scaly-sided Merganser, Oriental Stork, and Mugimaki Flycatcher. The maps provide useful information about the seasonal migratory patterns of all bird varieties."
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Birds of Europe, Russia, China, and Japan: Non-Passerines: Loons to WoodpeckersNorman Arlott
Princeton Illustrated Checklist
Princeton University Press
2009
"This is one of two companion field guides that illustrate and describe all of the approximately 1,800 bird species found in the Palearctic - the huge region that includes Europe, Asia north of the Himalayas, Africa north of the Sahara Desert, and the Middle East excluding the Gulf countries. This volume covers non-passerines - non-songbirds, including raptors, owls, swifts, hummingbirds, cuckoos, and pigeons. It includes every non-passerine species and subspecies, in every adult plumage - all illustrated and described by Norman Arlott, a leading bird artist with many years of field experience. The two volumes of Birds of Europe, Russia, China, and Japan are the only field guides to illustrate and describe every bird species in the Palearctic. And, for many parts of this region, these books provide the first and only field guides."
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Birds of the Palearctic: Non PasserinesNorman Arlott
Collins
2009
"This is the essential companion for the keen birdwatcher. Together with the volume on passerines, published in 2007, this book covers all the non-perching birds of the Palearctic, a zoographical area running from the British Isles eastwards to Japan, with its southern border marked by the Sahara, the Middle Eastern deserts, and the Himalayas. It covers the whole of the Russian Arctic, China, Tibet, Japan and the whole of Europe - the most popular birdwatching area in the world. Every non-passerine species found in this wide area is illustrated in every plumage in which they can be seen in the wild. Author and illustrator Norman Arlott is one of the world's leading bird artists and has seen nearly all of the 1,800 species featured. The accompanying text concentrates on the specific characteristics and appearance of each species that allow identification in the field, including voice. Every species also has a distribution map - in many cases the first time this has been compiled for the area."
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Birds in Shanxi ProvinceFan Longsuo
China Forestry Publishing House
English translation of Chinese publication
2008
567 pages.
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Birds of East Asia: China, Taiwan, Korea, Japan, and RussiaMark Brazil
Christopher Helm
2008
"This is the first single volume guide ever devoted to the eastern Asian avifauna. The eastern Asian region, centring especially on the major islands off the continental coast (including Japan and Taiwan) and the immediately adjacent areas of the Asian continent from Kamchatka in the north and including the Korean Peninsula are an important centre of endemism. Birds endemic to this region include representatives of many of the major families, from the world's largest eagle - Steller's Sea Eagle - to the tiny Formosan Firecrest. The east Asian continental coast and the offshore islands also form one of the world's major international bird migration routes, especially for waterfowl, shorebirds and raptors, while the east Asian continental mainland itself is home to a wide range of species little known to western ornithologists such as Scaly-sided Merganser, Oriental Stork and Mugimaki Flycatcher. The guide features the most up-to-date text available, which, in conjunction with extensive colour plates throughout, facilitates the field identification of all of the species known from the region. Colour distribution maps enhance the text by providing a visual analysis of the summer, winter and migratory ranges of all species."
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Chinese WildlifeMartin Walters and Heather Angel
Bradt Wildlife Guides
Bradt
2008
"China is home to a remarkable variety of unusual wildlife, including many rare and threatened species under conservation. This new wildlife guide provides a colourful introduction to the species of a country that is beginning to emerge as a fascinating destination for natural history enthusiasts. Visitors can discover a range of habitats: the huge deserts of the northwest and the Tibetan Plateau, forested mountain slopes and the rivers, lakes and steamy tropical forests of the deep south. Interesting features on medicinal plants, rare cranes and, of course, the giant panda supplement animal and habitat listings."
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Birds of Europe, Russia, China, and Japan: Passerines: Tyrant Flycatchers to BuntingsNorman Arlott
Princeton Illustrated Checklist
Princeton University Press
2007
"This is the first of two field guides illustrating and describing all of the approximately 1,800 bird species found in the Palearctic - the huge region that includes Europe, Asia north of the Himalayas, and Africa north of the Sahara. This area spans the countries of the former Soviet Union, all of the Russian Arctic, China, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, Japan, and the Middle East excluding the Gulf countries. This first volume covers all the passerines (perching birds, from tyrant flycatchers to buntings) or songbirds and will soon be followed by a companion guide to the nonpasserines (divers to woodpeckers). These volumes are the first and only field guides for many parts of the area covered, and mark the first time all of these birds have been included in a single pair of books. This first volume covers every passerine species and subspecies in the area, in every adult plumage - all illustrated and described by Norman Arlott, a leading bird artist who has many years of field experience with these species."
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Birds of the Palearctic: PasserinesNorman Arlott
Collins
2007
"This is the essential companion for the keen birdwatcher. This book covers all the perching birds of the Palearctic, a zoographical area running from the British Isles eastwards to Japan, with its southern border marked by the Sahara and middle Eastern deserts, and the Himalayas. It covers the whole of the Russian Arctic, China, Japan and the whole of Europe - the most popular birdwatching area in the world. Every passerine species found in this wide area is illustrated in every plumage in which they can be seen in the wild. Author and illustrator Norman Arlott is one of the world's leading bird artists and has seen nearly all of the 1,800 species featured. The accompanying text concentrates on the characteristics and appearance of each species that allow identification in the field (including voice). Every species will also have a distribution map - in many cases the first time this will have been compiled for the area."
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A Photographic Guide to the Birds of Japan and North-east AsiaTadao Shimba
Christopher Helm
2007
"Despite its rich avifauna and popularity with tourists, Japan has long been lacking a good English-language field guide. This new photographic guide will be the first book to cover the Japanese avifauna in English for over 25 years, and the first photoguide to the country in English. It will also include the birds of neighbouring mainland regions of eastern Asia, namely Korea, NE China and eastern Siberia. Over 520 species are illustrated with hundreds of stunning colour photographs. The text succinctly describes the key identification features and each species has a distribution map. This guide will be an essential companion for anyone visiting Japan or eastern Asia."
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A Photographic Guide to Birds of China including Hong KongJohn MacKinnon and Nigel Hicks
New Holland
2nd edition
2007
"This is a compact, easy-to-use bird identification guide for any birdwatcher visiting China and Hong Kong.This area is one of the world's top destinations for birdwatchers. A total of 252 species is described here in detail, from the magestic Black-crowned Night Heron to the striking Large Niltava. All of these birds are clearly illustrated in a collection of specially commissioned colour photographs.With almost 300 full-colour photographs, easy-to-use thumbnail family silhouettes, a regional distribution map and handy tips on the best birding localities, this guide is an invaluable aid for any birdwatcher visiting the region."
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Birding South-East ChinaTim Woodward
2006
"This book covers more than 160 sites, not all of which are reserves. As might be expected in a region where the scientific study of birds was largely suspended for fifty years there has been a steady stream of ornithological discoveries - from the recording of Varied Tit in Guangdong, through to finding White-eared Night Heron in Guangdong/Jiangxi. The most prominent re-discoveries since the turn of the century have been that of Yellow-throated Laughingthrush in Wuyuan, Jiangxi and Chinese Crested Tern, first in the Mazu Islands off Fujian and more recently at other sites in Fujian. In addition, there is a continued expansion of the species list for the region as DNA studies of warblers in particular have already added five new species this decade. This book is the first detailed site guide for the region, including maps, information on key bird species, other wildlife, transportation, accommodation, a check list of sites and check lists of birds and mammals in English and Chinese, with status information for each province. It covers Hong Kong, Macau, Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, Hunan, Jiangxi and Fujian."
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Birds In YunnanJi Weizhi
China Forestry Publishing House
English translation of Chinese publication
2006
287 pages.
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China Endemic BirdsEditor: Lei Fumin and Lu Taichun
Science Press
2006
Species accounts of the endemic birds of China. Text in Chinese with English abstracts.
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Birds Of Hong Kong And South ChinaClive Viney, Karen Phillipps, Lam Chiu Ying
Hong Kong Government Information Service
2005
255 pages with 100 colour plates.
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A Checklist on the Classification and Distribution of the Birds of ChinaEditor: Zheng Guangmei
Geological Publishing House
2005
426 page annotated checklist in Chinese and English.
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Studies on Birds and their Ecology in Northeast ChinaEditor: Gao Wei
Science Press
2005
673 pages in Chinese with English abstracts.
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Raptors Of China
China Forestry Publishing House
English translation of Chinese publication
2004
Introductory chapters that cover classification and taxonomy, habits, migration, evolution, field identification, raptors and man, and conservation and research in China, followed by accounts of species recorded in China.
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British Naturalists in Qing China: Science, Empire and Cultural EncounterFa-ti Fan
Harvard University Press
2004
"Fa-Ti Fan examines the research of British naturalists in China in relation to the history of natural history, of empire and of Sino-Western relations. He gives a panoramic view of how the British naturalists and the Chinese explored, studied and represented China's natural world in the social and cultural environment of Qing China."
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A Photographic Guide to the Birds of Southeast Asia: Including the Philippines and BorneoMorten Strange
Princeton University Press
2003
"This is the very first comprehensive photographic guide to the birds of mainland Southeast Asia, the Philippines, and Borneo, including the birds of Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand, Indochina, South China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan. Covering 668 species, the volume contains a distribution map for each species in addition to more than 700 brilliant color photographs, many appearing here for the first time. The photographs are complemented by a concise text providing all the information needed to accurately identify species in one of the world's richest avifauna regions. Given the notorious difficulty of photographing rainforest birds, this book represents a major achievement. It is an ideal volume for travelers to the region as well as for all bird lovers."
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Birds In ChinaZhang Ci Zhu
China Forestry Publishing House
English translation of Chinese publication
2002
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A Photographic Guide to Birds of China including Hong KongJohn MacKinnon and Nigel Hicks
New Holland
2001
"Over 250 species of bird are included in this useful guide, each description supported by a clear photograph. The introduction explains how to use the guide effectively and also contains fascinating information on bird biology and behaviour."
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A Guide to the Birds of ChinaJohn MacKinnon, Karen Phillipps & Fen-Qi He
Illustrations: Karen Phillipps and Dave Showler
Oxford University Press
2000
This comprehensive field guide to the birds of China covers over 1300 bird species. Includes 128 original colour paintings. The species accounts stress the key points for field recognition and give a full description of the plumage, voice, range, distribution, status, and behavioural characteristics for every bird, with additional descriptions provided for hundreds of subspecies. Colour distribution maps are provided for all illustrated species. Contents: Introduction to Region; History of Ornithology in China; Avian Biogeography of Region; Conservation; Field Techniques for Birdwatching; Anatomy and Plumage of a Bird; Glossary of terms used; Species Descriptions; Appendices: 1. Limited Distribution Birds of Endemic Bird Areas; 2. Lists of Threatened and Endangered Species of China; 3. List of Birds of North Arunachel Pradesh not Described in
Book; 4. List of Birds expected on Spratly Islands not Described in Book; 5. List of Clubs and Journals for the area; 6. Chinese Names; Bibliography.
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Birds Of China: A Faunistic Analysis And ChecklistZhi-Qiang Zhang
Magnolia Press
2000
32 pages, lists 1191 species.
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Birds Of ChinaZhang Ci Zhu
China Forestry Publishing House
English translation of Chinese publication
1997
"The book Birds of China entertains its readers with a collection of about 420 clear and vivid pictures of 402 rare bird species and with well-chosen data in its written illustrations, hoping to provide all who care for birds with a visual exhibition of these beautiful creatures."
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A Photographic Guide to Birds of China including Hong KongJohn MacKinnon and Nigel Hicks
New Holland
1996
"This photographic guide deals with the basics of bird identification in China by presenting those species that are most likely to be seen in accessible habitats throughout the region. The book is aimed directly at field identification. For those species that are sexually dimorphic, have both breeding and non-breeding plumages, or in which the juvenile plumage differs markedly from that of the adult, more than one photograph has been included. Thumbnail silhouettes aid the reader in quickly locating the correct group of birds, and for each species account a map shows the bird's distribution."
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Cheng and the Golden Pheasant: A Biography of China's Leading OrnithologistQ-R Yang
Illustrations: Joseph Wolf
Hancock House / World Pheasant Association
1995
A translation of a biography of a leading Chinese ornithologist.
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Birds Of Hong Kong And South ChinaClive Viney, Karen Phillipps, Lam Chiu Ying
Government Publications Centre
1994
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Birds In ChinaXu Weishu
Foreign Languages Press
1989
72 pages.
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Birds Of ChinaRodolphe Meyer De Schauensee
Oxford University Press / Smithsonian Books
1984 (reprint 1989)
"This illustrated reference catalogue provides a single, English language guide to all the birds found in China - 1195 species in 88 families. It offers an account for each species with emphasis on diagnostic field characteristics, followed by the bird's general and detailed range. There are also notes on ecology and taxonomy. Colour and black-and-white illustrations are by John Henry Dick, John Gwynne, Wayne Trimm and Michel Kleinbaum."
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Tibet And It's BirdsCharles Vaurie
H. F. & G. Witherby
1972
407 pages with 3 colour plates, 23 b/w plates and maps and other illustrations. Published in a trade edition and in a limited edition of 65 copies which were specially bound and signed by the author.
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The Shanghai Bird Year: A Calendar Of Bird Life In The Country Around ShanghaiE.S. Wilkinson
North China Daily News & Herald Limited
1935
220 pages covering species found around Shanghai. Includes b/w photographs and line drawings.
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South China BirdsHarry R. Caldwell and John C. Caldwell
Hester May Vanderburgh
1935
*A complete, popular and scientific account of nearly 550 forms of birds found in Fukien, Kwangtung, Kiangsu and Chekiang provinces. Illustrating birds in life, nests, eggs and haunts, from photographs by the authors and Morris Caldwell."
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Shanghai Birds: A Study Of Bird Life In Shanghai And The Surrounding DistrictsE.S. Wilkinson
22 colour plates: Henrik Grönvold
North China Daily News & Herald Limited
1929
240 pages with introductory chapters followed by species descriptions that include identification, behaviour and nesting information.
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A Key To The Birds Of The Lower Yangtse ValleyWith Popular Descriptions Of The Species Commonly SeenN. Gist Gee and Lacy I. Moffett
Shanghai Mercury Limited
1917
From the introduction: "China, judged from the standpoint of its bird population falls into three great regions - North, West and South. The Yangtse Eiver forms a convenient dividing line between the North and South, while the Western zone includes Thibet and the western part of Szechuan Province down to Ichang. The Northern zone has about 40 species of birds peculiar to itself, the Western zone has about 60, and the Southern zone has about 150, making a total of approximately 250 birds peculiar to China. In addition to these, there are about 550 species found in China and also in other parts of the world. Of these, some 300 occur in the Palearctic region, which covers Europe and Asia north of a line skirting the Himalayas and the Yangtse; while about 250 species are common to China and Southern Asia and are not to be found elsewhere. This total of about 800 birds for all China is based on the list printed by Pere David in 1877. A number of doubtful species were admitted to his list which have been since rejected, on the other hand a few new ones have been added, so the total remains substantially the same. In the present state of the ornithology of China more exact figures would be difficult to give, but these round numbers may be accepted as a working basis until further data are obtained."
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Wild Life In ChianOr, Chats On Chinese Birds And BeastsGeorge Lanning
The National Review Office, Shanghai
1911
From the introduction: "I have no desire in these sketches to attempt a systematic and complete scheme of Chinese Natural History. Even the much admired work of M. l'Abbe Armand David does not claim to be that, although it gives detailed information respecting some eight hundred species of birds alone. Such a work is not within the power of any one man to perform, without the aid of countless observers each dealing with some circumscribed area. For as all students of bird life know, there is still much to learn, many are the doubts to be cleared up, and not a few mistaken preconceptions have yet to be removed before Chinese natural history can be an exact science. What personal experience has suggested to me and my friends during a third of a century will be jotted down in due course, Nature herself throughout the "revolving year" being her own prompter as to the order in which the various divisions of the subject shall be taken."
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Notes on the Ornithology of China
F.W. Styan
Colour plate (Pycnonotus taivanus): J.G. Keulemans
Ibis: Volume 36, Issue 3, pages 329-337
1894
Opening lines: "These few notes on the Birds of China I have grouped according to the districts to which they refer, each of these districts having its own more or less characteristic avifauna."
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Ornithological Notes made at Chefoo (Province of Shantung, North China)
R. Swinhoe
Colour plate (Porzana exquisita): J.G. Keulemans
Ibis: Volume 17, Issue 1, pages 114-140
1875
This is a continuation of a paper from an earlier issue.
Opening lines: "Lord Walden's Shrike. Lanius magnirostris, Less. I before noted how we found this Malacca species a numerous visitor in summer to the places in Central China on the Yangtsze (P. Z. S. 1870, p. 131). I did not know at the time that it is also a visitor to the north, as I never detected it passing through Amoy. On the 31st May Mr. Campbell sent me an adult female from Lighthouse Island; and on the 27th August I got an immature bird, which, judging from its appearance, I should say was bred somewhere in our neighbourhood."
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Ornithological Notes made at Chefoo (Province of Shantung, North China)
R. Swinhoe
Colour plate (Turdus chrysopleurus): J.G. Keulemans
Ibis: Volume 16, Issue 4, pages 422-447
1874
Opening lines: "I arrived at Chefoo on the 25th April, too late for the gamemarket, but in time to catch the inflow of the later migrant land-birds. Few English readers will probably know where Chefoo is; so it will be as well to say something of its position on the globe before proceeding to give my ornithological experiences there. The northward coast-line of China ends at the Shantung promontory; and the land now bearing westwards discovers at a distance of about sixty-eight miles the little harbour called Yentai by the Chinese, which was opened to foreign trade by the Treaty of Tientsin of 1860, as more accessible to shipping than the port of Tengchow city (named in the treaty), which is situate about forty miles further west on the coast, and within the Prefecture of which this locality is included."
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On the Ornithology of Hainan
Robert Swinhoe
Color plate (Herphoris Tyrannulus): J.G. Keulemans
Volume 12, Issue 3, pages 342-367
Isis
1870
This is the third part of a three part paper. The first part was published in Volume 12, Issue 1, pages 77-97. The second part was published in Volume 12, Issue 2, pages 230-256.
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On the Ornithology of Hainan
Robert Swinhoe
Color plate (Hemixus castanonotus and Hypsipetes perniger): J.G. Keulemans
Volume 12, Issue 2, pages 230-256
Isis
1870
This is the second part of a three part paper. The first part was published in Volume 12, Issue 1, pages 77-97. The third part was published in Volume 12, Issue 3, pages 342–367.
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On the Ornithology of Hainan
Robert Swinhoe
Color plate (Megalaema faber and Megalaema nuchalis): J.G. Keulemans
Volume 12, Issue 1, pages 77-97
Isis
1870
Opening lines: "After my successful researches in the island of Formosa, I was determined, should an opportunity offer itself, to pay a visit to the island of Hainan. The opportunity came in the spring of 1868, when Her Majesty's Minister at Peking, being desirous to obtain information on the commercial capabilities of that island, with a view to opening a port in it for European trade, gave me instructions to repair thither in a gunboat to prosecute inquiries, the whole cruise not to extend over two months and a half. Apart from the investigations on behalf of the Government, I gained the Minister's permission to devote my leisure time during the trip to the study of the natural productions of the new country."
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